An appendectomy is the surgical removal of the appendix, most commonly performed as an emergency procedure to treat acute appendicitis. It is usually done laparoscopically, allowing most patients to recover and return home within a day or two.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy involves the removal of the gallbladder through several small abdominal incisions using a camera and specialised instruments. It is one of the most commonly performed general surgery procedures worldwide, typically allowing same-day or next-day discharge[cite: 1].

A hernia occurs when an organ or tissue protrudes through a weak spot in the surrounding muscle wall, most commonly in the groin (inguinal), navel (umbilical), or a previous surgical incision. Repair involves reinforcing the weakened area, often with a synthetic mesh, using open or laparoscopic techniques.

These are common procedures used to treat infected fluid collections or non-healing wounds. Abscess drainage involves incising and evacuating pus, while debridement removes dead or infected tissue to promote proper healing.

A thyroidectomy is the partial or complete surgical removal of the thyroid gland, performed to treat thyroid nodules, goitre, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid cancer. Patients may require lifelong thyroid hormone replacement afterward, depending on the extent of the removal.

A splenectomy is the surgical removal of the spleen, performed to treat trauma, certain blood disorders, tumours, or an enlarged spleen causing symptoms. It can be performed laparoscopically in planned cases or as an open procedure during emergencies.

The Whipple procedure is a rare and highly complex operation to remove the head of the pancreas, part of the small intestine, the gallbladder, and part of the bile duct. It is most often performed to treat pancreatic cancer[cite: 1]. As one of the most technically demanding operations in general surgery, it requires an extended hospital stay and highly specialised post-operative care.